英语语法之句子成分-句子

句子成分(概述)

一、主语:主语是一个句子的主体,一般位于句首。

名词(短语)、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句(名词性从句里会细讲主语从句)等均可作主语。

*Alight wind disturbed the surface of the water. 微风使水面泛起涟漪(名词短语作主语)

*Nobodycan help you except yourself. 除了你自己没人能帮你。(代词作主语)

*Two-thirdsof them can play more than two musical instruments.他们中三分之二会演奏两种以上乐器。(数词做主语)

*Therich are not always happier than the poor. 有钱人并不一定比穷人快乐。(名词化的形容词作主语,注意the 形容词表一类人,谓语用复数。主谓一致会详细讲解)

*Togo to bed early and to get up early is a good habit.早睡早起是一种好习惯。(不定式短语作主语,“To go to bed earlyand to get up early 早睡早起”表示同一概念,谓语用单数。)

*Travellingabroad is popular these years. 近年来出国旅游很流行。(动词-ing形式短语作主语)

*Wheneveryou e will be fine. 你无论何时来都可以。(从句作主语)

二、谓语:用来描述主语的行为动作或所处的状态,一般位于主语之后,由动词或动词短语充当,且谓语有人称、数、时态和语态等的变化。(详细参考“主语与动词”笔记)

*Lindaworked for the pany for two years.

*Theold man must be sent to hospital at once.

*Ihave tried this way three times.

*Whathappened last night?

*Iwould like to invite all my friends here.

*Ourschool bees more beautiful.

三、宾语:

1. 定义:宾语是动作的承受者,一般位于及物动词之后。名词(短语)、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、名词化的分词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句等均可充当宾语成分。

*Peoplelove to get together.(宾语是动词不定式)

*Ilike chatting online.(宾语是现在分词)

2. 宾语的种类:

1). 直接宾语:

*We love peace.

2).双宾语:间接宾语 直接宾语

*Handme your book, please.(me为间接宾语,your book为直接宾语。因为递的东西是书,所以书才是直接宾语。)

3).复合宾语:宾语 宾语补足语

*Theyelected him their monitor.(him是宾语,theirmonitor是宾语补足语。因为“theirmonitor”是表职位的名词,当表职位的名词作表语,同位语,宾补,主补的时候,不加冠词the。)

4) . 同源宾语:有些动词的宾语能重复动词部分或全部意思,这样的宾语叫同源宾语,这时名词前面常用修饰语。

*laugha good laugh大笑 *blow a heavy blow 沉重地一击

*smilea gentle smile微微一笑 *sing a sweet song 唱了一曲甜蜜的歌

*dreama terrible dream 做一个噩梦 *die a glorious death 光荣牺牲

四、表语:表语用来说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份等。一般位于系动词之后,与之构成系表结构。名词(短语)、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、从句等均可作表语。

*Andreais a Canadian. 安德烈是加拿大人。(名词作表语)

*Seventy-four?You don’t look it. 74岁?真看不出来。(代词作表语)

*Sheoften looks cheerful. 她看上去总是很高兴。(形容词作表语)

*Myhobby is growing flowers. 我的爱好是种花。(动词-ing形式短语作表语)

*Mywish is to bee an artist.我的愿望是当一名艺术家。(动词不定式短语作表语)

*Thefire was still on when we arrived. 我们到达时火还在燃烧。(副词作表语,这里的副词是小品副词,如on, in, off, up, down等)

*Theyare at work now. 他们现在在上班。(介词短语作表语)

*Thequestion is who should be responsible for the aident. 问题是谁应该为此事负责。(从句作表语)

五、定语:定语是修饰名词或代词,用来描述人或事物的品质或特征的句子成分。形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、从句等均可作定语。单个单词作定语时通常放在被修饰的词前面;短语或从句作定语则放在被修饰的词的后面。

1. 前置定语

*Heis a tall boy.(形容词做前置定语)

*Openyour mouth and put out your tongue.(代词做前置定语)

*Shecut the cake into two pieces. (数词做前置定语)

*Thisis a stone table. (名词做前置定语)

*Weshould follow the doctor’s advice.(名词所有格做前置定语)

*Youshould adapt to the changing situation.(现在分词做前置定语)

*Healthcare is free for everyone living in Britain.(现在分词做后置定语)

*Theground is covered with fallen leaves.(过去分词做前置定语)

2. 后置定语

*Ihave got something interesting to tell you.(形容词作后置定语)

*Thebuilding around were badly damaged.(副词作后置定语)

*I’mgoing to make a project book with lots of pictures in it.(介词短语作后置定语)

*Iwill bring you something to eat.(不定式作后置定语)

*Thereis a gentleman asking to see you.(现在分词作后置定语)

*Mostof the people invited to the meeting are famous scientists(过去分词作后置定语)

*Itcontains a powerful drug which affects mosquitoes.(从句做后置定语)

六、状语:状语是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或句子的一种句子成分。它可以表示时间、地点、方式、程度、原因、目的、结果、条件和让步等关系。副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、形容词、名词和从句等均可作状语。

*Tomspeaks English very fast. (副词作状语)

*Don’tstep on the grass.(介词短语作状语)

*Toget a good view, he climbed on the top of the hill.(不定式作状语)

*Arrivingthere, call me up.(现在分词作状语)

*Seenfrom space, the earth looks like a huge water-covered globe.(过去分词作状语)

*Thepoor old man lay under the bridge, dead.(形容词作状语)

注:

严格来说英语中没有主补的概念,所谓的主语都是被动句的宾语变过来的。一般形容词作状语就是修饰主语的,但给人一种主补的印象。

*Amoment please, I have a few words to say.(名词作状语)

七、补足语:补足语有宾语补足语和主语补足语两种,是用来说明宾语或主语的性质、状态的一种句子成分。

1.宾语补足语:可由名词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词等充当。

*Theycalled him the prince of gymnasts.(名词作宾语补足语)

*Weall find him funny.(形容词作宾语补足语)

*Itried my best to make him happy. (动词不定式做宾语补足语)

*Whenhe arrived, he found all the people gone.(过去分词作宾语补足语)

2.主语补足语:可由名词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、不定式、分词等充当。

*Tomwas made monitor.(名词作主语补足语,注意当表职位的名词作表语,同位语,宾补,主补的时候,不加冠词the)

*Thesethings should be kept in the box.(介词短语作主语补足语)

*Hewas once again found wandering along the city street.(现在分词作主语补足语)

八、同位语:在句中对某一成分作进一步的解释说明,并与其在语法上处于同等地位的句子成分叫做同位语。常放在被说明的名词或代词后面。名词、代词、数词和从句等均可充当同位语。

*We have two foreign teachers, a Canadian andan American.(名词作同位语)

*They each can get a chance to travel byair.(代词作同位语)

*Are you three ready to start out? (数词作同位语)

*The news that we’re having a holiday tomorrow is true.(从句做同位语)

九、独立成分:句子中的独立成分是一种与全句没有语法关系的成分。感叹语、呼语和插入语一般都充当独立成分。

*Well,that’s good news. Oh no! I was wrong.

*Iwonder, Mr Adams, if you’d mind us asking a few questions.

*Oh,by the way, I don’t have many friends yet.

句子结构(概述)

一、简单句:句子中只包含一个主语和一个谓语。

主语 谓语(S V)

主语 系动词 表语(S V P)

主语 谓语 宾语(S V O)

主语 谓语 间接宾语 直接宾语(S V O O)

主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语(S V O C)

二、并列句:由两个或更多独立的主谓结构或简单句并列连接在一起的句子称之 为并列句。可用并列连词或词组来连接分句。有时甚至不用并列连词,只用分号、冒号等把分句隔开。(分号可以连接并列句,无需加并列连词)

*Youhelp him and he helps you.

*Thefuture is bright; the road is tortuous.

注:不管有几个并列句,在最后两个并列句之间加并列连词。

三、复合句(也叫主从句):由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成,主句是句子的主体,从句充当某种句子成分,如在句中作主语、宾语、状语、同位语等。但无论哪种从句都不能独立存在。

1. 名词性从句(包括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句):(详细见名词性从句)

1). 主语从句(通常用it做形式主语,把真正的主语that从句放在后面。如果不用it做形式主语,而把that从句放句首做主语,一定要带着引导词that。)

*Thatanyone should want to kill her was unbelievable

2).表语从句(一般跟在系动词后面)

*Thatis why we’ve given you the letter.

3).宾语从句(一般跟在实意动词后)

*Iknow that you like me.

4).同位语从句

*Thefact that he is older than me is quite shocking.

2. 定语从句:(详细见定语从句)

*Haveyou been to the restaurant that’s just opened in town?

3. 状语从句:(详细见状语从句)

*Theforeign visitors took a lot of pictures when they were at the Great Wall.

转自:外刊精读笔记

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