意思-专业英语的翻译技巧讲与练最新6篇
湖南隆回一中 罗玉南
定语从句（1）--关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) Whose
用来指人或物，(只用作定语， 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。
3)which, that
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to
定语从句（2）--关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词 which”结构，因此常常和“介词 which”结构交替使用，例如：
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
2）that代替关系副词
that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词 which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
定语从句（3）--判断关系代词与关系副词
方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）
（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
（对） I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。
方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where鶥。 that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where鶥。 that C. on which鶧。 the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。
而句2中， 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。
定语从句(4)---限制性和非限制性定语从句
1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：
This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2)当先行词是专有名词或具有唯一性的名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。 3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词， 对其进行修饰， 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.
液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。 说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
非限制性定语从句与高考试题
我们在学习英语时，常常遇到非限制性定语从句。下面结合高考试题谈谈学习运用非限制性定语从句时应注意的几个问题。
1.that不能用来引导非限制性定语从句煩
[考例1]燬he heard the terrible noise, ＿＿＿＿ brought her heart into her mouth．(MET’91)牘鶤．it B．which鶦．this鶧．that煩
[简析]犙B。后半句为非限制性定语从句，不用that而用which来引导。which指代noise，在从句中作主语。
2.除which外，还可用when焪here焪hose焪hom等引导非限制性定语从句，且各自的用法及差异与它们用在限制性定语从句时相同。如：
Next month, when you’ll spend your summer holidays in your hometown, is approaching．
下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。（关系副词when指代表示时间的名词next month，并作从句的状语。）
She is going to live in Macao, where she has some close friends．
她要到澳门去居住，在那里她有几个密友。（关系副词where指代表示地点的名词Macao，并在从句中作状语。）
[考例2]燫ecently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, ＿＿was very reasonable.(上海2000)A．which price B．the price of which C．its price D．the price of whose
[简析]犙B。whose在从句中作表示所属关系的定语，既可指代人，也可指代物。指物时，常可转换为of which；指人时常可转换为of whom。
[考例3]營n the office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p．m．, ＿＿＿＿ many people have gone home．
A．whose time B．that C．on which D．by which time(上海’95)牑
[简析]犗刃写5:30 p．m．与time之间是一种同位关系，可用which来作定语替代。从句中的完成状态，常与by短语连用，故选D。
3.在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词不能省略。如：
He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, whom he loved as his own mother．
他迫切地想到医院去看望他继母，他把继母当自己的亲妈妈一样爱戴。
4.非限制性定语从句的关系代词which，既可以指代前面的先行词，也可以指代前面整句的含义。
[考例4]燚orothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, ＿＿＿＿ of course,焟ade the others unhappy．
A．who鶥．which鶦．this鶧．what煩(NMET 2000)牑煩
[简析] 选B。指代“Dorothy总是高度评价自己在那场戏中所担任的角色”整个事件。
[考例5]燙arol said the work would be done by October, ＿＿＿＿ personally I doubt very much．鶤．it B．that C．when D．which煩 （NMET’99）牑煩
[简析]牨硎臼奔涞拿词October，用“我个人非常怀疑”来修饰，意思不通。应该修饰整个主句，表示对“Carol说在十月前能作好这项工作”怀疑。故选D。
5.修饰先行主句时as和which的差异从句置于句首时，非限制性定语从句只能用as引导，而置于句末时，as和which都行。
[考例6] ＿＿＿＿ is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month．(NMET 2001)牘
A．It B．As鶦．That鶧．What煩
[简析]牰汉疟砻魑非限制性定语从句。选B。
[考例7] ＿＿＿＿ is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior high schools is increasing．
A．Which鶥．As鶦．That鶧．It煩(上海’99)牑煩
[简析]牬鸢肝狟。与考例6同理。
定语从句（5）---介词 关系词
1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。 2）that前不能有介词。 3）某些在从句中充当时间，点或原因状语的“介词 关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
=This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
=Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
定语从句（6）--as, which 非限定性定语从句
由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，也可以放在句中或句末， as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：
1．as has been said before 如上所述
2．as may be imagined正如可以想象出来的那样
3．as is well known 众所周知
4．as was expected正如预料的那样
5．as has been already pointed out正如已经指出的那样
6．as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样；
而which只放在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例题
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___ came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which鶧。 he
答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what鶥。 which鶦。 that鶧。 it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that鶥。 which鶦。 as D. it
答案B.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：
(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。
2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，具有描述性的特点，如，“在这一点上” 或“正如…..”；而which表结果，则从句中的关系代词用which.。
在本题中，正因为rained hard， 才造后面的结果，所以正确选项应为B。
As 的用法：
例1.the same… as；such…as; as / so…as…中的as 是一种固定结构， 和……一样……。as既可指人，也可指物，常在限制性定语从句中充当主、宾、表语。as引导的定语从句的先行词前面常有as ／such ／the same等修饰词。还要注意区分下列两个词组：
1．“such．．．that．．．”表“如此……以致……”的意思，用来引导一个结果状语从句；而“such．．．as．．．”表“像……这（那）样”的意思，用来引导定语从句，as在定语从句中充当主、宾、表语等。试比较下列两个句子：
①He is such an honest man that we respect him.
他是一个如此诚实的人以致我们都尊敬他。
② He is such an honest man as we respect．他像我们所尊敬的那种诚实的人。
2．“the same．．．that．．．”表同一人或物，而“the same．．．as．．．”表同种类的东西。试比较下列两个句子：①This is the same book that I lost．这就是我丢失的那一本书。（指同一本书）②This is the same book as I lost．我丢失的那一本书一模一样。（并不是原来的那一本）
例如：
He is as brave a man as ever lived．他是世界上最勇敢的人。
Don't read such books as are not worth reading．不要读那些不值得读的书。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
The film is so good as we saw last night.(as 作saw 的宾语)
Cf.The film is so good that we moved to tears.(that是连词，不作句子成分，引导结果状语从句)
Last night we saw such a good film as we had expected.(as作expected的宾语)
Cf.Last night we saw such a good film that we thought it’s worth seeing again. (that是连词，不作句子成分，引导结果状语从句)
例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。
定语从句（7）
1.先行词和关系词二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2. what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything
What you want has been sent here.
Whatever you want makes no difference to me.
2) who= the person that whoever= anyone who
（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.
（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.
3) that 和 what
当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。
I think (that) you will like the stamps.
What we need is more practice.
定语从句（8）―――二个特殊关系代词的用法
but，than作关系代词引导定语从句时，“特殊”在哪里？请关注本文。
1．but既可指人，也可指物，常在定语从句中充当主语。but本身含“否定”的意思，其作用相当于“that ／which ／who．．．not”。它前面的主句通常有“否定”的词（如：no，not， little，few，hardly等）。but引导的肯定定语从句和否定的主句连用，达到强烈肯定的修饰效果。例如：鶷here is no mother but loves her own children．（＝There is no mother that／who does not love her own children．）没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。
2．than既可指人，也可指物，可作关系代词来引导定语从句。than前通常有表比较的词。例如：鶩ewer friends than we had expected came to our evening party．来参加晚会的朋友比我们预料的还要少。
定语从句（9）定语从句中的主谓一致
引导词在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词人称和数要根据引导词所指内容而定。例如：Here are such sentences as are often used by the students. ( as指代sentences，谓语动词用are)。I, who am a Party member, should work hard for our country.( who指代I, 谓语用am.)。
He was one of the students who were praised for it. ( who指代the students)
他是被表扬的学生之一。
He was the only one of the students who was praised for it. ( who 指the only one)
他是唯一被表扬的学生。
PA:易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句
1.定语从句与同位语从句
定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。。。的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较：
1)We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分)
2)We don’t believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)
2.定语从句与状语从句。试比较：
1)He left the key where he had been an hour before.
(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where)
2)He left the place where he lived for many years.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place)
3)He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.
(as 引导定语从句)
4)He is such a good teacher that we all like him.
(that引导结果状语从句，such…that… “如此…以致…”)
3． 定语从句与主语从句。试比较：
1) As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.
(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首)
2) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.
(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句)
CF.What is known to us is that paper was first made in China.
4．定语从句与强调结构。试比较：
1)It is the house where I met the young man.
(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语)
2)It was in the house that I met the young man.
(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)
下面咱们一起来分析几道定语从句的难题。
例1．It is the young man _______ looked for _______ caught the murderer.
A. that …who B. that …they C . they …that D they…which
分析：答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是“It is 强调部分 that/who….”。they looked for前省略了关系代词that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句为It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。
例2．Is this factory _______ we visited last year?
A. where鶥 in which鶦 the one鶧 at which
分析：做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the，因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是this factory is______ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory ______ we visited last year.知道这一点后做题容易了，不能选A, B, D。因为句子没有先行词。所以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory ________we visited last year? 空格处应该用which 或 that。
例3．The book, the cover _______ is broken, is not mine.
A. of it鶥 for鶦 whose鶧 of which
分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。
例4．This is Mr Smith, _____ I think has something interesting to tell you.
A . who B whom C. that D. x
分析：此题同学们容易错选B，认为先行词Mr. Smith做think 的宾语。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特点是去掉不影响句子表达。所以做题时遇到插入语，先去掉，This is Mr. Smith, _______ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.
例5．Who _______ has seen the TV film doesn’t admire it?
A . that鶥 who鶦 which鶧 as
分析：先行词是who，到是指人，可为了避免重复，不用who，而用能指代人的that。答案是A。
例6．You can never imagine what great trouble I have had ________ the patient who
Received a serious wound.
A. treat B. to treat鶦 treating鶧 treated
分析：迷惑的答案是D，同学们容易根据had确定用过去分词。而做好这题，关键是知道句型have trouble(difficult) doing sth 做某事有困难。定语从句部分是I have had (great trouble)treating the patient.而patient 后又有一个定语从句。答案是C。
例7．This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson.
A. when鶥 that C which D in which
分析：答案是B。这里的time不指时间，而是次数。所以用that引导。
例8．I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her.
A . that B on which鶦 which D as
分析：此题先行词是the way，用。。。方式的短语是in this way。所以定语从句应该是in which you laugh at her。但习惯上也可说that you laugh at her。或者什么也不用you laugh at her。答案是 A。
在所有的英语动词时态中，使用最广泛的莫过于一般现在时。无论是在科技文章、电影、话剧解说词中，还是在表示命令、请求、恳求等句式中，都会用到一般现在时。当然，它的用法不仅仅局限于上述几点，在很多方面都要用到它。下面我们谈谈其主要的用法。
一、表示反复发生的动作及人或物的一般特征。
这种用法不限定时间、动作或特征，可发生在任何时间，包括现在、过去和将来，表示动作及状态的动词以及助动词都可用于这个时态。例如：
The moon goes around the earth. 月亮围绕地球旋转。
A man can't live without water. 没有水人就不能活。
Autumn
在上面的例句中，我们并没有用任何时间状语，但由于它们是反复的动作或状态，或者是事物本身存在的特征，所以要用一般现在时。当然，如果句子中有表示频度的副词或副词短语时（如：never，hardly，sometimes，often，always，usually，in spring，on weekends等），更要用这种时态了。例如：
We always have three meals a day. 我们通常一天吃三顿饭。
Sometimes they go traveling after Christmas. 他们有时候在圣诞节过后去旅游。
二、表示命令、请求等。
在这种句子中，主语you通常都不说出来，这也是我们常说的祈使句。例如：
Sit down， please. 请坐下。
Don't look out of the window in class. 上课时别往窗外看。
Open your mouth and show me your tongue. 把嘴张开让我看看你的舌头。
当为引起对方的注意或重视时，you也可以使用。例如：
You go to the train station and I look after the patient here. 你去火车站，我在这里照顾病人。
三、常用在剧本中描写角色的动作，或者是图片、照片、连环画和卡通片中的解说词。例如：
It's dark. Three soldiers walk to a village. 天很黑，三个士兵向一个村庄走去。
It's a quarter to twelve and his light is still on. 差一刻就十二点钟了，他的灯还亮着。
一般现在时还有其它一些用法，但限于大家并没有涉及到其它用法，这里就不再讲述了。
紧跟“现在时”
根据所给的汉语句子，用动词的适当形式填空。
1. 长城总是有很多参观者。
There______(be) always a lot of visitors on the Great Wall.
2. 头痛使得他经常住院。
A headache often______(make) him be in hospital.
3. 我们常在周末去看电影。
We often______(go) to the cinema on weekends.
4. 春暖花开。
Spring______(
5. 你们在几点钟吃晚饭？
What time______you______( have) supper?
参考答案：1. are 2. makes 3. go 4.
1. 分词的定义：动词的-ed分词即过去分词，是由动词的过去分词构成，一般只有一种形式。
2. 过去分词的语法作用： 过去分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个形容词或副词，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语和补足语。
1) 过去分词作表语，主要表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态。如：
(1）感到。。。。。。的，指人时常用过去分词作表语；
(2）表示完成的或被动的动作常用过去分词作表语；
(3)seated/dressed,hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged;polluted/broken/lost/gone/lef/based固定用过去分词作表语；
(4）get 过去分词作表语（get paid/changed/drunk/burnt/lost/hurt/injurieed/criticized/drowned）。例如：
1）I’m very interested in the intersting story, so will read it again.
2)We can’t drink boiling water , but we can drink boiled water.
3)Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
4)Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.(NMET)
5)He is quite pleased with the design of the dress. 她很喜欢那礼服的式样。
2) 过去分词做定语：单个的过去分词作定语一般放在名词的前面，相当于一个定语从句。1）感到。。。。。。的，指人时常用过去分词作定语2）表示完成的或被动的动作常用过去分词作定语；3）过去分词常用表示脸部或表情的名词前作定语(face/eyes/appearance/expression)；4）seated/dressed,hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged;polluted/broken/lost/gone/left/crowded/married/known固定用过去分词作定语。例如：
1)I found a lot of moved students, who were deeply moved by the moving film.
2)China is still a developing country while Japan is already a developed country.
3)The astonished expression on his face suggested that he know nothing about the matter.
4)The seated students suddenly found all the seats were broken ones.
5)We need more qualified teachers. 我们需要更多合格的教师。
过去分词短语作定语通常放在被修饰的词后面，相当于一个定语从句。如：
Is there anything planned for tomorrow? 明天有什么活动吗？
The suggestion made by the foreign expert was adopted by the manager.
过去分词作定语也可用作非限制性定语，前后用逗号隔开。如：
The books, written by Lu Xun, are popular with many Chinese people.
The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success.
3) 过去分词做状语：过去分词和-ing分词作状语一样，也可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况等。
① 表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词when或while来强调时间概念。如：Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.
Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。如：
Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.
③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用if等词。如：
Given another chance, he will do better.再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。
If heated, water can be turned into steam.水如果被加热，会变成水蒸气。
④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。如：Exhausted by the running, they went on running after the robber.尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶着那个强盗。
Laughed at by many people, he continued his study. 尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。
⑤表方式或伴随情况。如：The old man went into the room, supported by his wife.
Seated at the table, my father and I were talking about my job.
4) 过去分词作补足语：过去分词可以在see, hear, notice, watch, find, get, have, feel, make, leave, keep等词后与一名词或代词构成复合宾语，用作宾语补语。如：When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined? 你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
When you are making a speech, you should speak louder to make yourself heard.
当这类句子变成被动语态时，过去分词用作主语补语。如：
One of the glasses was found broken. 有人发现其中一个杯子破了。
They should be kept informed of the situation there. 应该让他们知道那儿的形势。
1. 过去分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致。如：
When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent.当那男孩被问到为何来这里时他沉默不语。
Born and brought up in the countryside, he was interested in biology.由于在农村出生并长大，他对生物很感兴趣。
如果过去分词的逻辑主语和句子主语不一致，必须使用过去分词的独立主格结构。
2. 动词have后所接的三种宾语补语：have somebody/something do something 不定式作补语必须省去to, 不定式动作由宾语发出，表示一次性的动作。如：
I had the workers do the job for me. 我让工人们替我完成了工作。
Jim often has his father help him with his homework. 吉姆经常让他的父亲帮助做家庭作业。
have somebody /something doing something -ing分词作补语，分词动作也由宾语发出，强调动作的延续或正在进行。如：They had the tractor working all the time. 他们让拖拉机一直工作着。
We won’t have the child talking to his mother like that.我们不能让那孩子那样对他的妈妈说话。
have somebody/something done 过去分词作补语，宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的被动关系，通常有两种情况：
①主语让别人做某事，强调主语的意志。如：He had his hair cut yesterday. 他昨天理发了。
②主语遭到某种不幸或陷入恶劣的环境，说明宾语的一种无意识的被动行为。如：
He had his leg broken in the match last month.他在上星期的比赛中摔断了腿。
3. 非谓语动词的被动式作定语的三种形式：
the bridge to be built 将要建造的桥 （表示将来的动作）
the bridge being built 正在建造的桥 （表示正在进行的动作）
the bridge built 造好的桥 （表示完成的动作）
4. 过去分词和–ing分词作表语的区别：过去分词作表语通常表示主语所处的状态或感受，而-ing分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，如：Hearing the news, we felt very surprised.
The news is very surprising. 这个消息很令人惊讶。
They were frightened to hear the frightening sound. 他们听到那可怕的声音很害怕。
At the sight of the moving scene, all the people present were moved to tears.
英语中这样的分词还有很多，如：amusing, amused; encouraging, encouraged; disappointing, disappointed; exciting, excited; puzzling, puzzled; satisfying, satisfied; worrying, worried; tiring, tired; pleasing, pleased; interesting, interested; astonishing, astonished等。
5. 过去分词和–ing分词作定语的区别：过去分词作定语和-ing分词作定语有一定的区别。试比较下面几组短语：boiled water开水 boiling water正沸腾的水developed countries发展的国家 developing countries发展中国家fallen leaves落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子
changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition变化着的情况
由此可见，过去分词作定语通常表示完成的或被动的动作；而-ing分词作定语可以表示正在进行的主动的动作。
6．用分词短语作状语时，还应注意在句子主语和分词短语之间不能使用并列连词。如：
［误］Not knowing what to do，so she asked her friends for advice．
［正］Not knowing what to do，she asked her friends for advice．
7、如果分词的逻辑主语和主句的主语不是同一个人或物时，就要用从句或独立主格结构代替分词短语作状语。如： As it was Sunday，the streets were especially crowded． 或：It being Sunday，the streets were especially crowded．
8、同学们还要注意某些现在分词可用来表示说话人对所说的话所持的看法或态度，它们已变成固定词组，在句中作独立成分，与句子主语无关。这类现在分词常见的有：
generally speaking（一般地说），strictly speaking（严格地说），judging from ／by．．．（从……来判断），talking of．．．（说到……），considering．．．（考虑到……），supposing．．．（假定……）等。如：
Generally speaking，it is not easy for a for eigner to learn Chinese well in a short time．
Considering everything，it wasn't abad holiday．
8、分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应和句子主语相一致。分词与主语之间如果是主动关系，就用现在分词；如果是被动关系，则用过去分词。例如：
主动时态 被动时态
一般时态 doing done（被动的动作）
进行时态 doing being done（正在进行的被动动作）
完成时态 having done done/having been done（已经完成的被动动作）
Hearing the good news，we couldn't help jumping with joy．（＝When we heard the good news，we couldn't help jumping with joy．）
Seen from the hills，the West Lake is very beautiful．（＝The West Lake is very beautiful when it is seen from the hills．）
过去分词作宾语补足语(The past participle as theObject
作宾语补足语：1）感到。。。。。。的，指人时常用过去分词作宾补；2）表示完成的或被动的动作常用过去分词作宾补；3）left/lost/gone/missing /seated/dressed, hurt/injuried/wounded;destroyed/damaged; polluted/broken/lost/gone/lef/based固定用过去分词作宾补。可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有：
1.see, hear, find ,feel, think, 等表示感觉和心理状态的动词
1）He found his hometown greatly changed when he came back from abroad.
2）Every thought the match lost 3）.He once heard the song sung in German
4）Frnk Lloyd Wright found himself inspired by Japanese seashells.
2. make/have/get sth. 过去分词作宾补，说明宾补的动作不是由主语而是由他人来完成；
1) He’s going to have his hair cut. 2)She had her foot injured in the fall.
3)When you talk, you have to at least make yourself understood.
4)Please keep us informed of the latest developments. ( 请让我们了解最新的发展情况。)
3.表示“希望” “要求”等意义的动词：
1） He won’t like such questions (to be ) discussed at the meeting .
2） I want this letter (to be ) typed now. 3）They ordered the film banned.（禁演）
［
同步知识讲与练
一、重点单词
1. accustomed adj.通常的，习惯的， 按照风俗习惯的
例1 Her accustomed smile makes her popular in the
[拓展] be/be
例2 The little boy is accustomed to hard work at his stepmother’s home. 在继母家里小男孩已习惯了干累活。
例3 I’m not accustomed to getting up so early to do morning exercise. 我不习惯这么早起床进行晨练。
[考题例析] The family moved to the south from the north years ago, and now they are _____to hot and wet weather.
A. suitable B. accustomed
C. familiar D. agreeable
解析 选B suitable 适合的；agreeable使人愉快的， 惬意的， 适合的； familiar熟悉的。根据前半句 “从北方移居到南方数年”，可推测是习惯了南方的天气。所以用B最合乎题意。
2. add vt. 增加， 添加， 计算……总和， 补充说， 又说vi. 加， 加起来， 增添， 做加法
例4 I should like to add that we are pleased with the test result. 我还要补充说一下，我们对测试结果表示满意。
[拓展] add up加算，合计；合乎情理，合情合理；add up to 总计为，总数达；add to增添
例5 He wrote down the weight of each stone and then added up all the weights.他把每一块石头的重量记下来，然后把所有的重量加在一起。
例6 The various facts in their report just don’t add up. 他们报告中的各方面材料根本串不起来。
[考题例析] Please ____ the numbers and I’m sure they will ____ more than 1000.
A. add up; add B. add up; add up
C. add up; add up to D. add; add up
解析 选C 根据题意，第一空为“将数字相加”，用add或add up都可以；第二空显然是得出的总数，应选用add up to“加起来”。
3. proper adj. 适当的`, 正确的，正当的
例7 You aren’t wearing proper clothes for this hot weather. 这么热的天气，你穿的衣服不合适。
[派生] properly adv.适当地；正确地
例8 You haven’t done the job properly， you’ll have to do it again. 你没有做对这件工作，你得重做。
[考题例析] I don’t think the boy is too small to look after the dog ____.
A. correctly B. exactly
C. properly D. accurately
解析 选C correctly, exactly, accurately三个选项的意思都强调 “准确无误地”，properly强调适当。
4. admit许可进入，准许进入；容纳， 容许；承认；供认
例9 This ticket admits two people to the football match. 这张票可供两人入场看足球赛。
例10 He never admits that he is wrong.他从不承认自己错了。
【辨析】 admit, acknow
语音知识讲与练近年来，中考英语试题，对语音知识的测试越来越热门，其内容主要包括音 素、重音和语调三个方面。下 面将分别给予介绍：
一、音素：所考查的内容主要包括元音音素和辅音音素（共四十八个），因 涉及面较广，不再详述。（后 附近几年所考查音素的主要题型。）
二、重音：重音可分为单词重音和句子重音两种。
1.单词重音：英语单词由于音节的数量不一，就出现了读起来有轻有重的现 象。一般地，每个单词都有一 个音节是重读的，称重读音节；其余的音节不重 读，称非重读音节。但有的多音节词，除了一个重读音节之外 ，还有一个次重 读音节。重读音节的'符号是：“′”，次重读音节的符号是：“＠①”。单音节 必须重读，不 标符号。
例：name[neim] letter[′let＠②] information[＠①inf＠②′mei∫＠ ②n]
那么单词重读有无规则可循？回答是肯定的。单词重读的规则一般是：
①单音节词均重读。例：beg[beg]，put[put]
②双音节词一般第一个音节重读。
例：doctor[′d＠③kt＠②] better[′bet＠②] apple[′aepl]但是如有 前缀a-,be-,re-, dis-, mis-, de-等双音节词，则第二个音节重读。
例：about[＠②′baut]，again[＠②′gen]，address[＠②′dres]， beside[bi′said]，report[ri′p ＠③:t]，mistake[mis′teik]， decide[di′said]
另外，双音节词的合成词，一般第一个音节重读。例：blackboard[′blaekb ＠③:d]、homework[′h＠② umw＠②:k]但也有两音节均重读的：
′four′teen、′ un ′fair、′hel′lo、′up′stairs、 ′down′s tairs、 ′un′touched、 ′out′side、′Chi′nese、′nine′teen等。
③多音节词一般是倒数第三个音节重读。
例：wonderful[′wnd＠①ful]，immediately[i′mi:dj＠②tli]， interested[′intristid]
但双音节词加上前缀或后缀构成的多音节词，仍按原来的词根重音来读。 例：con′ductor，′carefully，dis′cover，as′sistant等。
④-ic，-tion，-sion之前的音节要重读。
例：′question，ope′ration，
（一）重音在第二个音节上的单词：
about agree across already among
above address afraid again ago
along alone another around away
arrive Australia Australian America American
because before below be
begin beginning behind beside between
banana
develop dictation delicious December enjoyable
example exam except excuse expensive
eraser eleven enough forgetful forget
goodbye herself himself hooray important
instruction invent invention inventor idea
inside instead itself July Japan
machine museum November o'clock October
prefer produce polite politely policeman
potato perhaps receive result return
remember report September surprise tomato
tonight together Toronto toward tomorrow
today themselves unusual until unhappy
united without yourself yourselves
（二）两个重读音节的词：OK fifteen fourteen thirteen sixteen seventeen eight een nineteen afternoon Chinese southeast southwest unlike northeast northwest outside untrue upstairs lordspeaker headmaster headteacher downstairs retell TV
（三）前有一个次重读音节，后又有一个重读音节的单词：
Japanese understand understood operation ourselvespopulation education examination congrat ulation
2.句子重音：句子重音，即句子中某些单词需要重读。一般地，句中的名词、 动词（助动词和be有时例外 ）、形容词、副词、数词和感叹词需重读；代词（指 示代词、疑问代词例外）、介词、冠词和连词不需要重读 。
例：′This is a ′book. It's ′red. ′Sit′down. 动词be的各种形式均不重读，但在句末出现时，一般要重读。
Is ′that a′book?′Yes,it′is.
另外，be的否定形式一定重读。′No,it′isn't. 单音节介词一般不重读，而双音节介词一般重读。例：It's on the ′table. It's ′beside the ′tab
le.
所有的句子是否都根据此规则去做就可以了呢？不行，还要根据具体的语言 环境分析对待。如上句中使用 过的词，下句中紧接着再出现而不强调时，一般 不重读。下面略举几例
语音知识讲与练近年来，中考英语试题，对语音知识的测试越来越热门，其内容主要包括音 素、重音和语调三个方面。下 面将分别给予介绍：
一、音素：所考查的内容主要包括元音音素和辅音音素（共四十八个），因 涉及面较广，不再详述。（后 附近几年所考查音素的主要题型。）
二、重音：重音可分为单词重音和句子重音两种。
1.单词重音：英语单词由于音节的数量不一，就出现了读起来有轻有重的现 象。一般地，每个单词都有一 个音节是重读的，称重读音节；其余的音节不重 读，称非重读音节。但有的多音节词，除了一个重读音节之外 ，还有一个次重 读音节。重读音节的符号是：“′”，次重读音节的符号是：“＠①”。单音节 必须重读，不 标符号。
例：name[neim] letter[′let＠②] information[＠①inf＠②′mei∫＠ ②n]
那么单词重读有无规则可循？回答是肯定的。单词重读的规则一般是：
①单音节词均重读。例：beg[beg]，put[put]
②双音节词一般第一个音节重读。
例：doctor[′d＠③kt＠②] better[′bet＠②] apple[′aepl]但是如有 前缀a-,be-,re-, dis-, mis-, de-等双音节词，则第二个音节重读。
例：about[＠②′baut]，again[＠②′gen]，address[＠②′dres]， beside[bi′said]，report[ri′p ＠③:t]，mistake[mis′teik]， decide[di′said]
另外，双音节词的`合成词，一般第一个音节重读。例：blackboard[′blaekb ＠③:d]、homework[′h＠② umw＠②:k]但也有两音节均重读的：
′four′teen、′ un ′fair、′hel′lo、′up′stairs、 ′down′s tairs、 ′un′touched、 ′out′side、′Chi′nese、′nine′teen等。
③多音节词一般是倒数第三个音节重读。
例：wonderful[′wnd＠①ful]，immediately[i′mi:dj＠②tli]， interested[′intristid]
但双音节词加上前缀或后缀构成的多音节词，仍按原来的词根重音来读。 例：con′ductor，′carefully，dis′cover，as′sistant等。
④-ic，-tion，-sion之前的音节要重读。
例：′question，ope′ration，
（一）重音在第二个音节上的单词：
about agree across already among
above address afraid again ago
along alone another around away
arrive Australia Australian America American
because before below be
begin beginning behind beside between
banana
develop dictation delicious December enjoyable
example exam except excuse expensive
eraser el
[1]?[2]?[3]?[4]?[5]
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